restful(表者征状态转移,面向资源编程)------------------------------------------->约定 从资源的角度审视整个网络,将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过url进行标识,客户端通过url获取资源的表征, 获得这些表征使应用转变状态。-----------------------------------------------------------是一种软件架构风格。 所有数据是通过网络获取的是操作的数据(增删改查),都是资源-------------------------------互联网上的一切东西都视为资源。 restf规则: API与用户的通信协议,使用的是http协议 1:域名尽量部署在专有域名之下,若API很简单,不会进一步扩展,可以考虑放在主域名下。 2:应将api的版本号放入url,还可以将版本号放入Http请求头信息中,但不如放在url中方便。 3:在RESTful架构中,每个网址代表一种资源(resource),所以网址中应该有动词,应该使用名词, 而且所用的名词往往与数据库的表格名对应。一般来说,数据库中的表都是同种记录的"集合"(collection),所以API中的名词也应该使用复数。 4:用于区别url接口应将API加入到url. 5: 如果记录数量很多,服务器不可能都将它们返回给用户。API应该提供参数,过滤返回结果。 6: 服务器向用户返回的状态码和提示信息。 8: 如果状态码是4xx,就应该向用户返回出错信息。一般来说,返回的信息中将error作为键名,出错信息作为键值即可。 9: 请求方式的不同,进行不同的操作。post----get----put----patch----delete 10:返回错误信息restful-api: API与用户的通行协议,总是使用HTTPs协议 api:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------接口 用途: 1:为别人提供服务----------发送短信 2:前后端分离--------------前后端分离 规范: 1:url+api https://api.example.com------------------------------------------------------------尽量将API部署在专用域名(会存在跨域问题) https://example.org/api/-----------------------------------------------------------API很简单 2:名词 资源名必须是名词,不能是动词....... 3:版本 URL,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------如:https://api.example.com/v1/ 请求头------------------------------------------------------------------------------跨域时,引发发送多次请求 4:提交方式------------------------------------------------------------method GET:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------从服务器取出资源(一项或多项) POST:------------------------------------------------------------------------------在服务器新建一个资源 PUT:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源) PATCH :----------------------------------------------------------------------------在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变的属性) DELETE:----------------------------------------------------------------------------从服务器删除资源 5:json数据------------------------------------------------------------返回json数据 6:status--------------------------------------------------------------状态码 200 OK - [GET]:服务器成功返回用户请求的数据,该操作是幂等的(Idempotent)。 201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户新建或修改数据成功。 202 Accepted - [*]:表示一个请求已经进入后台排队(异步任务) 204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]:用户删除数据成功。 400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户发出的请求有错误,服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作,该操作是幂等的。 401 Unauthorized - [*]:表示用户没有权限(令牌、用户名、密码错误)。 403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权(与401错误相对),但是访问是被禁止的。 404 NOT FOUND - [*]:用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录,服务器没有进行操作,该操作是幂等的。 406 Not Acceptable - [GET]:用户请求的格式不可得(比如用户请求JSON格式,但是只有XML格式)。 410 Gone -[GET]:用户请求的资源被永久删除,且不会再得到的。 422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时,发生一个验证错误。 500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]:服务器发生错误,用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。 更多看这里:http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html 7:aypermedia link-----------------------------------------------------返回链接 Hypermedia API,RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia,即返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。 {"link": { "rel": "collection https://www.example.com/zoos", "href": "https://api.example.com/zoos", "title": "List of zoos", "type": "application/vnd.yourformat+json" }} 8:错误处理 错误处理,状态码是4xx时,应返回错误信息,error当做key。 { error: "Invalid API key" } 为什么做前后端分离? 数据的解耦,提高开发效率。安装: pip3 install djangorestframework -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host=pypi.douban.com 继承关系: class View(object):-------------------------------------------------view class APIView(View):------------------------------------------------APIview class GenericAPIView(views.APIView):--------------------------------GenericAPIView class GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView)---------GenericViewSet class ModelViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,-------------------------ModelViewSet(增删改查,genericViewset) mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.UpdateModelMixin, mixins.DestroyModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, GenericViewSet): Django Rest Framework 的的请求生命周期: hTTP请求 —> wsgi —> 中间件 —> 路由分发 —> 执行对应类的dispatch方法 —> 视图函数 —>返回 采用CBV的请求方式。源码剖析 接收HTTP请求---->wsgi----->中间件------->路由分发---------->执行对应类的dispatch方法------->视图函数------>返回 首先执行 as_view 我们可以知道,as_view调用了dispatch. 执行:------------------------>执行对应类的dispatch方法:---------------------dispatch 一:第一步对------------------------------------------------------------------request二次封装 1:--查看initialize_request方法,可以知道这个方法接收客户端的request请求,再重新封装成新的request。 def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs): parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request) return Request( request, parsers=self.get_parsers(), authenticators=self.get_authenticators(), negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(), parser_context=parser_context ) 点击进入Request 2:----再查看Request方法的源码,可以知道这个Request类是rest framework中定义的一个类 ----Rquest类,这来类是经过Request处理过的request已经不再是客户端发送过来的那个request了 class Request(object): def __init__(self, request, parsers=None, authenticators=None, negotiator=None, parser_context=None): self._request = request self.parsers = parsers or () self.authenticators = authenticators or () self.negotiator = negotiator or self._default_negotiator() self.parser_context = parser_context self._data = Empty self._files = Empty self._full_data = Empty self._content_type = Empty self._stream = Empty if self.parser_context is None: self.parser_context = {} self.parser_context['request'] = self self.parser_context['encoding'] = request.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET force_user = getattr(request, '_force_auth_user', None) force_token = getattr(request, '_force_auth_token', None) if force_user is not None or force_token is not None: forced_auth = ForcedAuthentication(force_user, force_token) self.authenticators = (forced_auth,) 3:----在initialize_request方法中,有一个方法处理过request,来看看get_parser_context方法的源码 在这里,view的值是self,代指的是UsersView这个对象,所以get_parser_context方法把UsersView这个类封装进来然后返回 所以get_parser_context方法最后返回的当前对象以及当前对象所传的参数,经过initialize_request函数处理之后的request,现在就变成了 Request( request, parsers=self.get_parsers(), authenticators=self.get_authenticators(), negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(), parser_context=parser_context ) def get_parser_context(self, http_request): return { 'view': self, #代指的是UsersView这个对象 'args': getattr(self, 'args', ()), 'kwargs': getattr(self, 'kwargs', {}) } 4:----现在再来看看Request的其他参数代指的是什么 get_parsers------------------根据字面意思,是解析get请求的意思 def get_parsers(self): return [parser() for parser in self.parser_classes] get_content_negotiator-------选择相关 def get_content_negotiator(self): if not getattr(self, '_negotiator', None): self._negotiator = self.content_negotiation_class() return self._negotiator parser_context---------------封闭self和self的参数 parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request) *get_authenticators----------------------认证相关,在get_authenticators这个方法中循环了self.authentication_classes返回了一个列表对象, def get_authenticators(self): return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes] ----------他是self.找的,所有它先去我们写的那个类中去找authentication_classes,我们写的类中没有才去父类中找,因此我们就可以自定义这个列表类了。 进入APIview类找------------------authentication_classes class APIView(View): # The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view. renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES #认证 throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES #权限 permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES #分流 content_negotiation_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS metadata_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS .............. ------------authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES由此可以看出: 它默认的authentication_classes是从它的配置文件中读出来的。现在就可以去看看它配置文件中的类了。 -------------进入api_settings可以看到api_settings=APISettings api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS) -----------进入APISettings,默认的authentication_classes是从它的配置文件中读出来的。现在就可以去看看它配置文件中的类了 DEFAULTS = { # Base API policies 'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer', 'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer', ), 'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser', 'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser', 'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser' ), 'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', 'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication' ), 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny', ), 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (), 'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation', 'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata', 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None, # Generic view behavior 'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': None, 'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': (), # Schema 'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema', # Throttling 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': { 'user': None, 'anon': None, }, 'NUM_PROXIES': None, # Pagination 'PAGE_SIZE': None, # Filtering 'SEARCH_PARAM': 'search', 'ORDERING_PARAM': 'ordering', # Versioning 'DEFAULT_VERSION': None, 'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': None, 'VERSION_PARAM': 'version', # Authentication 'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': 'django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser', 'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None, # View configuration 'VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_name', 'VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_description', # Exception handling 'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler', 'NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY': 'non_field_errors', # Testing 'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer', 'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer' ), 'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'multipart', # Hyperlink settings 'URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE': 'format', 'FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG': 'format', 'URL_FIELD_NAME': 'url', # Input and output formats 'DATE_FORMAT': ISO_8601, 'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,), 'DATETIME_FORMAT': ISO_8601, 'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,), 'TIME_FORMAT': ISO_8601, 'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,), # Encoding 'UNICODE_JSON': True, 'COMPACT_JSON': True, 'STRICT_JSON': True, 'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': True, 'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': True, # Browseable API 'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF': 1000, 'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT': "More than {count} items...", # Schemas 'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': True, 'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': { 'retrieve': 'read', 'destroy': 'delete' }, } -----------找到DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES可以看出他有两个类是在authentication中:SessionAuthentication,BasicAuthentication, 'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', 'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication' ), --------------from rest_framework import authentication进入 --------------SessionAuthentication class SessionAuthentication(BaseAuthentication): """ Use Django's session framework for authentication. """ def authenticate(self, request): """ Returns a `User` if the request session currently has a logged in user. Otherwise returns `None`. """ # Get the session-based user from the underlying HttpRequest object user = getattr(request._request, 'user', None) # Unauthenticated, CSRF validation not required if not user or not user.is_active: return None self.enforce_csrf(request) # CSRF passed with authenticated user return (user, None) def enforce_csrf(self, request): """ Enforce CSRF validation for session based authentication. """ reason = CSRFCheck().process_view(request, None, (), {}) if reason: # CSRF failed, bail with explicit error message raise exceptions.PermissionDenied('CSRF Failed: %s' % reason) --------------BasicAuthentication class BasicAuthentication(BaseAuthentication): """ HTTP Basic authentication against username/password. """ www_authenticate_realm = 'api' def authenticate(self, request): """ Returns a `User` if a correct username and password have been supplied using HTTP Basic authentication. Otherwise returns `None`. """ auth = get_authorization_header(request).split() if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic': return None if len(auth) == 1: msg = _('Invalid basic header. No credentials provided.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) elif len(auth) > 2: msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials string should not contain spaces.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) try: auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING).partition(':') except (TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error): msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials not correctly base64 encoded.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) userid, password = auth_parts[0], auth_parts[2] return self.authenticate_credentials(userid, password, request) def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password, request=None): """ Authenticate the userid and password against username and password with optional request for context. """ credentials = { get_user_model().USERNAME_FIELD: userid, 'password': password } user = authenticate(request=request, **credentials) if user is None: raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('Invalid username/password.')) if not user.is_active: raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('User inactive or deleted.')) return (user, None) def authenticate_header(self, request): return 'Basic realm="%s"' % self.www_authenticate_realm --------------可以看出他们都继承了一个BaseAuthentication的类并且都实现了authenticate方法。 class BaseAuthentication(object): """ All authentication classes should extend BaseAuthentication. """ def authenticate(self, request): """ Authenticate the request and return a two-tuple of (user, token). """ raise NotImplementedError(".authenticate() must be overridden.") def authenticate_header(self, request): """ Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate` header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses. """ pass --------------进入authenticate,由此可以看出BaseAuthentication类其实是一个接口类,让继承它的类必须实现authenticate方法。 最后就是在request对象中的authenticatotes中封装了一些关于认证的对。 def authenticate(self, request): """ Authenticate the request and return a two-tuple of (user, token). """ raise NotImplementedError(".authenticate() must be overridden.") -----------自己添加配置文件-------settings:若将自己定义的认证类添加的返回的列表,就通过seettings的配置走自己的定义的认证类 EST_FRAMEWORK = { 'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None, 'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None, "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [ # "app01.utils.MyAuthentication", ], 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':[ ], 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{ 'wdp_anon':'5/minute', 'wdp_user':'10/minute', } } 5:---再来看看UsersView这个类中的get方法和post方法----------------------------------------------------------------UserView 可以看到get方法的参数中有一个request,通过前面可以知道这个request已经不是最开始时到达服务端的request了 这个request方法中已经被REST framework封装了解析,认证和选择等相关的方法 def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pass def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pass 6:---efault_response_headers这个方法从它的注释可以看出已经被丢弃了. 二:初始化--------------------------------------------------------------------获取版本-----认证-----权限-----分流 7:---再来看initial这个方法 def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs): self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs) # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request #执行内容协商并将接受的信息存储在请求上 neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request) request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg # Determine the API version, if versioning is in use. #如果正在使用版本控制,请确定API版本。 version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs) request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted #确保传入的请求是允许的。 self.perform_authentication(request) self.check_permissions(request) self.check_throttles(request) ----先执行get_format_suffix-------------------------------------------------------------来获取客户端所发送的url的后缀 ----然后执行perform_content_negotiation方法,--------------------------------------------这个方法的主要作用是执行内容选择,并把服务端接收到的信息保存在request中 获取版本----然后再执行determine_version方法---------------------------------------------如果url中有版本信息,就获取发送到服务端的版本,返回一个元组 -------version,schemas是执行determine_version获得的,versioning_scheme是设置类的对象也就是QueryParameterVersioning。 request.version就是QueryParameterVersioning执行etermine_version version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs) request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme --------执行determine_version,如果versioning是空的,就返回两个空。,不为空走versioning设置值。 def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): if self.versioning_class is None: return (None, None) scheme = self.versioning_class() return (scheme.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs), scheme) ---------走versiong_class设置值,走api_settings配置找DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS ----------走api_settings寻找配置 api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS) ---------api_settings = APISettings,走APISettings找DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS。默认为空,需自己设置。 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None, ---------进入QueryParameterVersioning class QueryParameterVersioning(BaseVersioning): """ GET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept: application/json """ invalid_version_message = _('Invalid version in query parameter.') def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = request.query_params.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra): url = super(QueryParameterVersioning, self).reverse( viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra ) if request.version is not None: return replace_query_param(url, self.version_param, request.version) return url ---------获取version,version_param就是配置 def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = request.query_params.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version ---------进入version_param,在配置中找VERSION_PARAM version_param = api_settings.VERSION_PARAM ---------由配置可知VERSION_PARAM等于version. 'VERSION_PARAM': 'version', ---------default_version=配置中的DEFAULT_VERSION default_version = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSION ---------进入配置找DEFAULT_VERSION,可以知道我们可以在setting中自己配置 ---------is_allowed_version是允许的版本,也可自己在seettings中配置。流程相似 -------from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning,URLPathVersioning ---------QueryParameterVersioning class QueryParameterVersioning(BaseVersioning): """ GET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept: application/json """ invalid_version_message = _('Invalid version in query parameter.') def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = request.query_params.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra): url = super(QueryParameterVersioning, self).reverse( viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra ) if request.version is not None: return replace_query_param(url, self.version_param, request.version) return url --------执行determine_version获取版本 def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = request.query_params.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version --------执行reverse反向生成url def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra): url = super(QueryParameterVersioning, self).reverse( viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra ) if request.version is not None: return replace_query_param(url, self.version_param, request.version) return url ---------URLPathVersioning class URLPathVersioning(BaseVersioning): """ To the client this is the same style as `NamespaceVersioning`. The difference is in the backend - this implementation uses Django's URL keyword arguments to determine the version. An example URL conf for two views that accept two different versions. urlpatterns = [ url(r'^(?P[v1|v2]+)/users/$', users_list, name='users-list'), url(r'^(?P [v1|v2]+)/users/(?P [0-9]+)/$', users_detail, name='users-detail') ] GET /1.0/something/ HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept: application/json """ invalid_version_message = _('Invalid version in URL path.') def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = kwargs.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra): if request.version is not None: kwargs = {} if (kwargs is None) else kwargs kwargs[self.version_param] = request.version return super(URLPathVersioning, self).reverse( viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra ) ---------自己在settings中配置 REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'VERSION_PARAM':'version', 'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1', 'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'], # 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.HostNameVersioning" 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning" } --------执行determine_version获取版本 def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs): version = kwargs.get(self.version_param, self.default_version) if not self.is_allowed_version(version): raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message) return version ---------执行reverse反向生成url def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra): if request.version is not None: kwargs = {} if (kwargs is None) else kwargs kwargs[self.version_param] = request.version return super(URLPathVersioning, self).reverse( viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra ) -------自定制settings REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'VERSION_PARAM':'version', 'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1', 'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'], # 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.HostNameVersioning" # 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning" } 认证-----执行完上面的方法,再执行perform_authentication方法来进行认证操作----------------执行认证功能,确认进行后续操作的用户是被允许的, perform_authentication方法返回经过认证的用户对象, 传入的request是重新封装过的。 def perform_authentication(self, request): request.user ------然后就在request.user中执行authenticate这个方法进行认证 def user(self): """ Returns the user associated with the current request, as authenticated by the authentication classes provided to the request. """ if not hasattr(self, '_user'): with wrap_attributeerrors(): self._authenticate() return self._user 检查权限-----执行check_permissions方法--------------------------------------------------如果用户通过认证,检查用户是否有权限访问url中所传的路径, 如用用户访问的是没有没有权限的路径,则会抛出异常. def check_permissions(self, request): for permission in self.get_permissions(): if not permission.has_permission(request, self): self.permission_denied( request, message=getattr(permission, 'message', None) ) ------循环,执行get_permissions返回一个列表对象。 def get_permissions(self): return [permission() for permission in self.permission_classes] --------执行permission_classes,self是当前类,所以是去当前类中找,当前类中没有去父类(APIView)中找,所以可以自己定制。 permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES ----------可以看出是从api_settings中找到,我们执行api_settings api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS) -------------进入APISettings,在DEFAULTS配置文件中找DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES,若自定制,自己在setting中配置。 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny', -------------根据配置文件可知:我们走permissions的AllowAny类。 from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny进入 -------------AllowAny执行了has_permission,返回True. class AllowAny(BasePermission): """ Allow any access. This isn't strictly required, since you could use an empty permission_classes list, but it's useful because it makes the intention more explicit. """ def has_permission(self, request, view): return True ), -------------可以看出AllowAny继承了BasePermission,由此我们可以知道必须执行一个AllowAny 自己有执行自己的,自己没有没有执行父类的,都返回True class BasePermission(object): """ A base class from which all permission classes should inherit. """ def has_permission(self, request, view): """ Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise. """ return True def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj): """ Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise. """ return True 检查限制访问(分流)-----就会执行check_throttles方法--------------------------------------作用是检查用户是否被限制了访问主机的次数 self.check_throttles(request) 如果用户访问服务器的次数超出设定值,则会抛出一个异常 ---------例如,如果想限制一个ip地址每秒钟只能访问几次,一个小时之内最多可以访问多少次,就可以在settings.py文件中进行配置 def check_throttles(self, request): for throttle in self.get_throttles(): if not throttle.allow_request(request, self): self.throttled(request, throttle.wait()) ----------循环执行,执行get_throttles,返回一个列表对象 def get_throttles(self): """ Instantiates and returns the list of throttles that this view uses. """ return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes] ----------执行throttle_classes,self是当前类,请求过来首先在自己的类中找,没有去父类中找(APIView) throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES ----------可以看出是从api_settings中找到,我们执行api_settings api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS) ----------进入APISettings,在DEFAULTS配置文件中找DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES,若自定制,自己在setting中配置 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (), 'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation', 'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata', 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None, ----------根据配置文件可知: from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny进入 三:执行对应的视图函数 8:---initial这个方法执行完成后,request.method.lower把请求的方法转换成小写 Get the appropriate handler method if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs) 9:---再通过通过反射的方式来执行UsersView类中的get或post等自定义方法要注意的是,在执行initial方法之前,使用了try/except方法来进行异常处理 如果执行initial方法的时候出现错误,就调用handle_exception来处理initial方法抛出的异常,返回正确的响应信息 def handle_exception(self, exc): if isinstance(exc, (exceptions.NotAuthenticated, exceptions.AuthenticationFailed)): # WWW-Authenticate header for 401 responses, else coerce to 403 auth_header = self.get_authenticate_header(self.request) if auth_header: exc.auth_header = auth_header else: exc.status_code = status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN exception_handler = self.get_exception_handler() context = self.get_exception_handler_context() response = exception_handler(exc, context) if response is None: self.raise_uncaught_exception(exc) response.exception = True return response 10:---在前面,如果initial方法执行完成没有抛出异常,则根据反射执行自定义的请求方法,然后返回响应信息如果initial方法抛出异常则执行handle_exception 方法处理抛出的异常,也返回响应信息等到上面的过程执行完成后,再执行finalize_response方法把最终的响应信息返回给客户端的浏览器 def finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs): # Make the error obvious if a proper response is not returned assert isinstance(response, HttpResponseBase), ( 'Expected a `Response`, `HttpResponse` or `HttpStreamingResponse` ' 'to be returned from the view, but received a `%s`' % type(response) ) if isinstance(response, Response): if not getattr(request, 'accepted_renderer', None): neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request, force=True) request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg response.accepted_renderer = request.accepted_renderer response.accepted_media_type = request.accepted_media_type response.renderer_context = self.get_renderer_context() # Add new vary headers to the response instead of overwriting. vary_headers = self.headers.pop('Vary', None) if vary_headers is not None: patch_vary_headers(response, cc_delim_re.split(vary_headers)) for key, value in self.headers.items(): response[key] = value return response def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs # ####################### 第一步 request二次封装 ####################### """ return Request( request, parsers=self.get_parsers(), 解析相关 对象列表 authenticators=self.get_authenticators(), 认证相关 对象列表 negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(), 选择相关 选择对象 parser_context=parser_context 解析内容 ) """ request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs) self.request = request self.headers = self.default_response_headers # deprecate? # ####################### 第二步 初始化 ####################### """ 2.1 获取版本 返回(scheme.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs), scheme) request.version, request.versioning_scheme =版本号,检查版本的对象 2.2 认证 self.perform_authentication(request) 调用request.user方法 2.3 检查权限 self.check_permissions(request) 获取权限的对象列表 执行对象.has_permission方法 返回True有权限,返回False没有权限,抛出异常,message定制错误信息。 2.4 检查限制访问 self.check_throttles(request) 获取限制类的对象列表 执行对象.allow_request(request, self) 返回True可以访问,返回False限制访问。 """ try: self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs) # ####################### 第三步 执行对应的视图函数 ####################### # Get the appropriate handler method if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs) except Exception as exc: response = self.handle_exception(exc) self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs) return self.response基本流程 1:请求到来之后,都要执行dispatch方法,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发。 2:重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中触发。 url.py from django.conf.urls import url, include from web.views.s1_api import TestView urlpatterns = [ url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()), ] views.py from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView): def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ 请求到来之后,都要执行dispatch方法,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法 注意:APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能 """ return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return Response('GET请求,响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return Response('POST请求,响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')